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The Early Detection and Treatments of Adolescent Depression and Suicide
Only in the past two decades has depression in adolescents been taken
seriously. Depression is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts.
It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself,
and the way one thinks about things. Therefore it comes to no surprise to
discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide.
Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youth's aged 15 to 19
than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Despite this alarming
increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly under diagnosed
and can lead to serious difficulties in school, work, and personal adjustment,
which may continue into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders and when
should an adolescent with changes in mood be considered clinically depressed?
Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often overlooked in
adolescents is because it is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy
thoughts, and heightened sensitivity.
Therefore, the adolescent's first
line of defense is his or hers parents. It is up to those individuals who
interact with the adolescent on a daily basis (parents, teachers, etc.) to be
sensitive to the changes in the adolescent. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of
youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may
express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors
(Oster & Montgomery, 1996). Key indicators of adolescent depression include
a drastic change in eating and sleeping patterns, significant loss of interest
in previous activity interests, constant boredom, disruptive behavior, peer
problems, increased irritability and aggression (Brown, 1996).
What
causes a teen to become depressed? For many teens, symptoms of depression are
directly related to low self-esteem stemming from increased emphasis on peer
popularity. For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations, which
could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents. Oster
and Montgomery (1996), stated that "when parents are struggling over marital or
career problems, or are ill themselves, teens may feel the tension and try to
distract their parents." This distraction could include increased disruptive
behavior, self-inflicted isolation and even verbal threats of suicide. Many
times parents are so wrapped up with their own conflicts and busy lives that
they fail to see the changes in their teens, or they simply refuse to admit
their teen has a problem. In today's society the family unit can be quite
different from the stereotypical one of the 1950's, where the father went to
work and the mom was the homemaker. Today, with single parent families and
families where both parents have corporate jobs, the teen may feel he or she is
playing "second fiddle" in importance in the lives of their parents. Also, great
stress is placed upon teens today starting in early childhood. Most enter
daycare at an early age and continue into preschool. Then when public school
starts they are either in the early-morning program, after-school program or
just latch key kids. They are left to their own devices at an early age. Many go
home to an empty house with no one to talk to about their day at school. Once
the parent's arrive home it may be time for soccer practice, baseball practice,
or gymnastics class. Again no time for talking about the day's events and with
everyone going in different directions a family dinner around the kitchen table
just does not happen. At one end of the spectrum, teens maybe pushed by their
parent's to excel in sports and scholastics, and at the other end there are
teens that are never given direction or aspirations by their parent's. Those
pressured to excel maybe come overwhelmed by what is expected of them and can
fall into using drugs and alcohol as a form of escape and may feel the only way
out is that of suicide. On the other hand those teens without direction and lack
of interest on the part of their parent's, may also turn to drugs and alcohol as
a means of escape. They may contemplate and even attempt suicide as a way of
either drawing attention to themselves or to just end their lives because no
cares about them anyway. Dr. William Beardslee of Boston, working with children
and teens exhibiting depression and suicidal tendencies feels these disorders
are likely based on a complex interplay of biological/genetic forces and
developmental transactions between teens, family members and the outside world.
Some teens manage to survive and even flourish under the most difficult
circumstances, while others flounder under the same conditions.
An estimated
2,000 teenagers per year commit suicide in the United States, making it the
leading cause of death after accidents and homicide. Blackman (1995) stated that
it is not uncommon for young people to be preoccupied with issues of mortality
and contemplate the effect their death would have on close family and friends.
Once it has been determined that the adolescent has the disease of the
depression, what can be done about it? Blackman has suggested two main avenues
to treatment: "psychotherapy and medication." The majority of cases of
depression is mild and can be dealt with through psychotherapy sessions with
intense listening, advice and encouragement. For the more severe cases of
depression, especially those with constant symptoms, medication may be necessary
and without pharmaceutical treatment, depressive conditions could escalate and
become fatal. Regardless of the type of treatment chosen, "it is important for
children and teens suffering from depression to receive prompt treatment because
early onset places children and teens at a greater risk for multiple episodes of
depression throughout their life span." (Brown, 1996).
Until recently,
adolescent depression has been largely ignored. But now several means of
diagnosis and treatment exist. Although most teenagers can successfully climb
the mountain of emotional and psychological obstacles that lie in their paths,
there are some that find themselves overwhelmed and full of stress. With the
help of parents, teachers, mental health professionals and other caring adults,
the severity of a teen's depression can not only be accurately evaluated, but
plans made to improve his or her well-being and ability to fully live life.
Works Cited
Blackman, M., "You asked aboutadolescent
depression." The Canadian Journal of CME.
http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-dp01.html.
Beardslee, W.R. (1998),
Prevention and the clinical encounter. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
http://www.mhsource.com/pt/p990957.hmtl.
Brown, A. (1996 Winter). Mood
disorders in children and adolescents. NARSAD Research Newsletter
http://www.mhsource.com/advovacy/narsad/childhood.html.
Lasko, D.S., et
al. (1996), Adolescent depressed mood and parental unhappiness. Adolescence, 31
(121), 49-57.
Oster, G.D, Montgomery, S. S. (1996),. Moody or depressed:
The masks of teenage depression. Self-Help & Psychology
http://www.cybertowers.com/selhelp/articles/cf/moodepre.html.
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